Alternative Titles: Blad el-Hawa, Cirta, Kirtha, Qacentina Constantine, also called (after 1981) Qacentina, Arabic Blad el-Hawa, Phoenician Cirta,, northeast. A natural fortress, the city occupies a rocky diamond-shaped plateau that is surrounded, except at the southwest, by a precipitous gorge through the eastern side of which flows the Rhumel River. The plateau is 2,130 feet (650 metres) above and from 500 to 1,000 feet (150 to 300 metres) above the riverbed in the gorge. The cliffs of the gorge, at its narrowest, are 15 feet (4.5 metres) apart and at its greatest width are about 1,200 feet (365 metres) apart. The gorge is crossed at the northeast angle of the city by the, a modern 420-foot (130-metre) structure built on the site of earlier bridges.

North and south of the city are, respectively, a and a. El-Kantara Bridge across the gorge at Constantine, Alg. Bruske—Artstreet Caves in the walls of the Rhumel Gorge give evidence of prehistoric settlement. By the 3rd century bce, as Cirta, or Kirtha (from the Phoenician word for “city”), the ancient Constantine was one of the most important towns of and the residence of the kings of the Massyli.

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Under Micipsa (2nd century bce) it reached the height of its prosperity and was able to furnish an army of 10,000 cavalry and 20,000 infantry. Cirta received a Roman settlement during the reign of and later served as head of a confederation of four Roman colonies on the North African coast. In the war of the Roman emperor against Alexander, the Numidian usurper, the city was razed, and on its restoration in 313 ce, it was renamed for its patron,. It remained uncaptured during the invasion of Africa but fell to the Arabs (7th century). During the 12th century it stayed prosperous despite periodic looting, and its commerce was extensive enough to attract merchants from Pisa,,. Although it was frequently taken and then lost by the Turks, it became the seat of a who was subordinate to the of.

Salah Bey, who ruled Constantine from 1770 to 1792, greatly embellished the city and was responsible for the construction of most of its existing Muslim buildings. Since his death in 1792, the women of the locality wear a black haik (a tentlike garment) in mourning, instead of the white haik regularly worn in the rest of Algeria. In 1826 Constantine asserted its independence of the dey of Algiers. In 1836 the French made an unsuccessful attempt to storm the city and suffered heavy losses, but the following year they were able to take it with another assault.

In, during the 1942–43 Allied campaign in, Constantine and the nearby city of were important command bases. Constantine is walled, the existing walled fortifications having been largely constructed of Roman masonry material. The rue Didouche Moutad, which follows the downward slope of the plateau (northeast–southwest), divides the city into two parts.

To the west are the Casbah (the old citadel) with sections dating from Roman times, the Souk el-Ghezel mosque (converted for a time into the Notre-Dame des Sept-Douleurs Cathedral by the French), the Moorish-style palace of Ahmad Bey (1830–35; now in military use), and administrative and commercial buildings. The straight streets and wide squares of the western sector reflect French influence. The east and southeast sector provides a striking contrast, with its tortuous lanes and, including the 18th-century mosques of Salah Bey and Sīdī Lakhdar. In this sector each trade has its special quarter, with entire streets devoted to one craft. The University of Constantine was founded in 1969; other institutions include the Museum of Cirta and the Municipal Library.

Cassie supermodel mixtape download. Suburbs have developed to the southwest of the city on the “isthmus” leading to the surrounding countryside. Newer developments are to the east across the Rhumel Gorge.

The city also has an international airport. Craagle download serials. Apart from a factory making tractors and diesel engines, industry is chiefly confined to leather goods and woolen fabrics. A considerable trade in agricultural products, especially in grain, is carried out with the Hauts (high) Plateaux and the arid south. (1998) 462,187; (2008 est.) 520,000.