Contents • • • • • • • • • Description [ ] These studies are performed to assess complex, elucidate symptoms, evaluate abnormal, assess risk of developing arrhythmias in the future, and design treatment. These procedures increasingly include therapeutic methods (typically, or ) in addition to diagnostic and prognostic procedures.

Other therapeutic modalities employed in this field include therapy and implantation of and automatic (AICD). EPS study [ ] The cardiac electrophysiology study (EPS) typically measures the response of the injured or cardiomyopathic myocardium to PES on specific pharmacological regimens in order to assess the likelihood that the regimen will successfully prevent potentially fatal sustained or (VF) in the future. Sometimes a series of EPS drug trials must be conducted to enable the cardiologist to select the one regimen for long-term treatment that best prevents or slows the development of VT or VF following PES.

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Such studies may also be conducted in the presence of a newly implanted or newly replaced cardiac pacemaker or AICD. Specialist [ ] A specialist in cardiac electrophysiology is known as a cardiac electrophysiologist, or (more commonly) simply an electrophysiologist. Cardiac electrophysiology is considered a subspecialty of in most countries and usually requires two or more years of training beyond a general cardiology fellowship.

In early 2011, the (CMS) promoted cardiac electrophysiology to its own specialty category in the United States. Cardiac electrophysiologists are trained to perform interventional cardiac electrophysiology studies (EPS) as well as surgical device implantations. Recent subdiscipline [ ] Cardiac electrophysiology is a relatively young subdiscipline of cardiology and internal medicine. It was developed during the mid-1970s by, professor of medicine at the in the and attending cardiologist at the Academic Hospital in.

In 1980 the first microprocessor based stimulator was developed there, which led to the foundation of the Maastricht-based company CardioTek. Textbook [ ] Author of the definitive textbook in the field is by the late, former Robinette Professor of Medicine and chief of cardiology at the in, professor of medicine at, and attending cardiologist at in. The most recent published edition of Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology: Techniques and Interpretations is the 4th edition in 2008. Society [ ] The, founded in 1979, promotes education and advocacy for cardiac arrhythmia professionals (including cardiac electrophysiologists) and patients. It is the largest society in the field. CARTO system [ ] Biosense-Webster, a subsidiary of, produces a cardiac electrophysiology system called CARTO.

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The system is designed to visualise the real-time calculated position and orientation of a specialised within the patient’s heart in order to minimise during, increase the accuracy of targeted RF ablation and reacquisition of sites for re. Its navigation system calculates the position and orientation of the catheter tip, using three known magnetic sources as references.

The system uses that are calibrated and computer controlled. Due to the nature of magnetic fields, the orientation may also be calculated while the tip is stationary.

By calculating the strength and orientation of the magnetic fields at a given location, the x,y,z position may be calculated along with the orientation. See also [ ] • • • (ECG) • • References [ ].